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姚云帆福柯如何读俄狄浦斯王实践与文本

俄罗斯色情, https://www.blackcurve.com/casino-non-gamstop/reviews/li-bet/. 姚云帆福柯如何读俄狄浦斯王实践与文本  在西方文化史中,对戏剧《俄狄浦斯王》的文化-社会意义阐释往往由精神分析学说中的”俄狄浦斯情节”而为学者所知。但是,自亚里士多德开始,哲学家对《俄狄浦斯王》的解释往往重视真理、伦理规范和戏剧情节直接的复杂关系,这条解释线索由尼采和海德格尔发扬光大,并由法国思想家米歇尔·福柯继承下来。福柯继承了尼采和海德格尔的问题意识,并在20世纪70年代的《俄狄浦斯王》阐释中,批判了海德格尔将该剧解释为”表象”和”存在之真理”之间的斗争悲剧的解释框架,强调俄狄浦斯王作为挑衅性知识的追求者,对西方社会权力-知识共谋关系的批判和冲击的积极价值。20世纪80年代初,福柯再一次解释了《俄狄浦斯王》,修改了以前的解释框架,认为,俄狄浦斯对城邦权力秩序的挑衅,已经成为城邦秩序的共谋行为,而整个戏剧也不再是真理的剧场,而是制造真理,以维护政治秩序的治理剧场。  总是被目为当代最前卫思想家之一的福柯,却对一部古希腊戏剧怀着魂牵梦绕的感情。1969年,福柯被推举为法兰西学院(College de France)”系统思想史”讲席的教授,接替了法国当代哲学的重要推手——黑格尔专家,让·伊波利特(Jean Hyppolite)。1970年,福柯开始在法兰西学院公开讲授自己的研究成果,而1970-1971年的讲稿,被命名为《论求知意志》(Leçons sur la Volonté de Savoir)[1]。”求知意志”这一概念演化自尼采的”求真意志(Willenzur Warheit)”[2],福柯在讲义的最后论述了尼采,而讲义的相当部分却围绕古希腊悲剧而展开,而在1972年,福柯在纽约州立大学水牛城分校,以《俄狄浦斯的知识》为题,发表了演讲,该演讲作为附录收录在《论求知意志》这部讲演录中。而在20世纪70年代中期,福柯又一次提到了《俄狄浦斯王》,这一次论述,显然受到了德勒兹《反俄狄浦斯》(Capitalisme et schizophrénie:L’anti-Oedipe)这部著作的激发。在《真理与法律形式》这篇文章中,福柯指出,相对于弗洛伊德和德勒兹对《俄狄浦斯王》欲望化的解读,他更重视从西方权力-知识关系的谱系学线索来把握这出戏剧,俄狄浦斯的遭遇显明了真理作为政治绝对规范的暴力特质。[3]而在1980年的讲演录《对活人的治理》( Du Gouvernement des vivants)中,福柯重新回到了思想史的双重原点:一方面,他回到了自己法兰西学院讲座的开端:古希腊思想;另一方面,古希腊思想也是当代许多西方重要思想家多所致力于返本开新的起点,赋予福柯很多启发的前辈,例如,尼采和海德格尔对俄狄浦斯王的解释。  对《俄狄浦斯王》的重复讲解不仅说明,福柯对这部戏剧的选择,并非出自随意,而是暗含着巨大的理论关切,而且暗示,重新解释《俄狄浦斯王》,是福柯对自身早期思想的一次不小的反思。这种反思恰恰与福柯晚期”自身技术”等一系列转折,有着密切的联系。因此,我们可以发现,从1970年以后,至福柯生命的终点,《俄狄浦斯王》已经成为福柯试图形象化地呈现其思想转折时,所不断采用的戏剧。而福柯对这部古希腊戏剧的着迷,并非单纯出于对戏剧这一文学体裁的爱好,更伴随着将自身的思考剧场化的某种冲动。  接下来的问题是,为什么是《俄狄浦斯王》,而不是其它戏剧?福柯在1981年以后的讲演录中,分析了许多古希腊戏剧,例如,索福克勒斯的《七将攻忒败》、欧里庇德斯的《伊翁》等剧作,而在自己学术生涯的早期,他则对贝克特的荒诞剧,阿尔托的”残酷戏剧”等戏剧形式有兴趣,但是,以上戏剧从未像《俄狄浦斯王》那样,在福柯思想谱系的关键点上直接呈现出来。之所以如此,是因为福柯从尼采和海德格尔这两个前辈对《俄狄浦斯王》的解读中,找到自己所热切探索的真理得以具象化的戏剧场域。  这片真理剧场最早的开拓者,就是尼采。尼采颠覆了亚里士多德在《诗学》中所奠定的戏剧体制:亚里士多德把”悲剧”定义为利用用情节(muthos)对一个有一定界限(aperion)的行动(praxis)的模仿(mimesis)[4]。按照这个定义,以演员的行动为核心,来展开其内容的古希腊悲剧,实际上成为《诗学》所分析的核心艺术门类。在《诗学》中,对《俄狄浦斯王》的解释依赖于著名的”突转-发现”机制:在情节的引导下,主人公行动的从一个方向向另一个方向的突然转折,导致主人公对自身生存方式的再发现。俄狄浦斯在收到信使消息,确认自己父亲去世,没有犯下弑父罪名时,似乎在表面上摆脱了神谕的指控,可是,信使告诉他,死去的父母并非他亲生父母时,情节急转直下,让他得以发现自己杀父娶母的事实。在上述分析中,亚里士多德阐发了一种行动-情节-认知三元互动的悲剧解释机制,无论是剧中人的行动还是表演者的模仿行动,依赖于悲剧情节的安排,但是,为了让剧中人和观众确认情节走向的不可避免性,所以,情节的安排会特意设置一个突转,让剧中人和观众瞬间产生自身行动可以逃离情节控制的同时,立刻发现这不过是一种情节设置上的欺骗,从而再次确认情节发展的合目的性和必然性。  因此,在亚里士多德的悲剧解释体系中,《俄狄浦斯王》是一部呈现人在自身认识能力的引导下,无法达到完全自我认识的矛盾境遇的戏剧。在这出戏剧中,主人公俄狄浦斯的行动既是人无法达到完全自我认识的证明,又是人对”人无法获得完全自我认知”的这一命题进行了解的前提。由此,我们发现,在亚里士多德那里,《俄狄浦斯王》已经具有了”哲学剧场”的某种特质,它呈现了一个主人公”实践行动”和”自我认知”之间的悖谬关系,并引发后来的思想家对这一悖谬进行分析和阐发。  到黑格尔为止,大多数西方悲剧理论家基本上重视亚里士多德《诗学》中的”行动”维度优先于”认识维度”。在解释《安提戈涅》时,黑格尔强调行动的冲突成为安提戈涅和克瑞温所代表的不同的”法”之间冲突的表征。但是,尼采的《悲剧的诞生》(Die Geburt der Tragodie)对亚里士多德和黑格尔的阐释进行了挑战。受到叔本华哲学的影响,尼采将古希腊人的精神世界划分为两个层面:和谐稳定的表象层面(Vorstellung),这一层面受到日神精神(Apollonische Geist)的主导;充满了冲突、分裂和战斗的核心层面,这一层面受到酒神精神(Dionysisch Geist)的主导。值得注意之处在于,在尼采《悲剧的诞生》中,日神精神并非酒神精神的对立面,相反,两者相互生发转化,在戏剧舞台上,酒神精神就会以日神精神的表象呈现于众人面前,而如果人们想穿透世界的表象,把握世界的本质时,他们就必须用自己的独特眼光,看到戏剧舞台平静表面之后狞厉而恐怖的真理。[5]而在尼采看来,《俄狄浦斯王》这部悲剧,已经成为我们在古希腊日神精神的引导下,走向酒神狄奥尼索斯的真理的一个重要中介。  为了论证这样一个看法,尼采取消了亚里士多德和黑格尔悲剧学说中剧中人的核心定位,相反,他引入了两个概念:”观众(Zuschauer)”和”戏(Spiel)”。”观众”一词来源于德语”看(Schauen)”。尽管亚里士多德在《诗学》中强调悲剧对观众的”净化”作用,但是,由于古希腊戏剧实际上是戴面具表演的剧作,观众并不能通过观看演员的肢体和表情的细节,来与戏剧的主旨产生共情效果,相反,对戏剧台词的倾听在《诗学》的悲剧体系中占有重要作用。深受文艺复兴之后欧洲早期现代悲剧和歌剧影响的尼采,将现代剧场中的视觉功能替代了古代悲剧中的听觉功能,看作古希腊悲剧中的主导功能。因此,观众眼中对剧中人行为的观看,代替了演员对神话的模仿,成为尼采悲剧理论思考的核心。与此同时,尼采用”戏(Spiel)”,而不是”行动(Praxis/Handlung)”来描述剧中人的运动。相对于”戏”这个词,亚里士多德的希腊词”Praxis”和黑格尔的德语词”Handlung”都包含”有着确定目的的行动”这一含义,并且特指人对事物具有主动性的伦理干预[6]。而”戏”这个德语词,首先具有”游戏”这一含义,相对于具有固定目的的”行动”而言,”游戏”是无确定指向,没有功利目的的活动,这就消解了剧中人活动的目的性[7];其次,”游戏”意味着与严肃的真实世界之间的对立,这就暗示,尼采认为,古希腊悲剧的舞台只是赋予观者一种表象世界的游戏式运动,而这种运动自身并不能带人走向对这一世界背后的真实状态的把握。  这就导致了如下问题的产生:既然作为表象世界的戏剧舞台与真实如此遥远,古希腊悲剧如何带人把握到古希腊世界精神的实质,也就是酒神精神呢?在尼采看来,《俄狄浦斯王》为这一问题的解决提供了绝佳的范例。在尼采《悲剧的诞生》中,两个概念十分重要,第一个概念是”梦”(Traum),另一个概念是”醉(Rausch)”。[8]具体而言,”梦”特指观众对”日神精神”所主宰的世界的执迷:面对戏剧舞台,人们宁可相信表象的世界,而不愿意相信真实的世界,这就是悲剧对观看者所产生的”梦”的效果;”醉”则是”梦”醒之后,个人所面对真实世界所感受到的彷徨和迷茫,以及逃离这种彷徨和迷茫的冲动和渴望。在古希腊悲剧中,”醉”往往被尼采描述为观众为剧中的情节痴狂忘我的状态,尼采认为,悲剧起源于酒神节祭祀,在这一祭祀中,处于迷醉状态中的酒神信徒,目睹了酒神被撕成碎片然后复原的过程,产生了一种从极大的悲痛到极大地狂喜的情绪波动,而尼采认为,信徒从酒神死而复生的启示中,发现了碎裂个体和整全集体,可朽人生和不朽神灵之间,可以通过这种情绪得以连接。[9]在这种情绪的支配下,人们观看表象世界的视觉能力消失了,而是任由自己情绪的支配而无目的的活动。而在尼采的古希腊悲剧解释体系中,唯一能够引导这样一种活动趋势的手段,就是戏剧舞台上歌队的音乐。  带着这样的理解,尼采对《俄狄浦斯王》进行了重新理解。在他看来,这部戏剧中情节的突转,并不是为了强调戏剧情节的必然性和人类认识能力的有限性。相反,俄狄浦斯最终刺瞎双眼,被迫出走的悲剧结局,并非因为他发现了”自我认识”的有限性,从而受到了惩罚,相反,正是在认识到了自己罪过的时刻,俄狄浦斯拥有了超越普通人,把握整全世界的认识能力。尼采强调了”俄狄浦斯刺瞎双眼”这一情节的象征意义,这样一个情节体现了俄狄浦斯观审表象世界的拒绝,从而让他重新获得了一种把握世界真理的超视觉能力。[10]换句话说,通过否定了视觉在认识最高真理的过程中,具有主导地位,尼采颠覆了亚里士多德悲剧理论的核心框架:戏剧主人公真正有意义的活动,不再是朝向特定伦理-政治目标的行动,而是一种超越伦理规范的无目的律动。因此,尼采认为,《俄狄浦斯王》中的”突转-发现过程”,并不是以通过俄狄浦斯的失败,呈现人认识能力的有限性;相反,尼采眼中,以视觉为中心的人的认识能力,并不能引导人把握世界的本质,也无法保证人正确的行动,只有那种放弃乃至超越视觉的洞察能力,才能让人的活动超越有限的目的,达到与动荡冲突地世界同步的某种自由境界,这种活动,就是尼采所说的”戏”——一种不计后果,沉浸于”醉”这样一种状态的自由行动。因此,尼采非常将《俄狄浦斯王》看作人在非理性的自由律动中,超越视觉的局限,把握世界本质的一次生动展示。  在海德格尔对《俄狄浦斯王》的分析中,尼采对亚里士多德悲剧理论中视觉中心论的批判,仍然延续了下来。海德格尔指出,古希腊最为核心的思想关切,就是对”在”(Sein)和”表象”(Schein)之间的争执(Widerstreit)和一体(Einheit)的关切。[11]这一看法显然继承了尼采对日神精神和酒神精神的二分方法。但是,海德格尔用自己的”存在”概念代替了尼采的酒神精神,这让他和尼采对《俄狄浦斯王》的解释,产生了巨大的差异。  应该说,海德格尔继承了尼采的看法,将”表象(Schein)”看作《俄狄浦斯王》中眼睛所看到的表面世界,而”隐晦之物(Verborgne)”则暗示着俄狄浦斯通过自己的认识之狂热(Leidenschaft)所看到的自己生存处境之真相。[12]在这一意义上,海德格尔继承了尼采对亚里士多德批评的一个前提,即凭借视觉认识,无法引导人把握世界的真相。但是,海德格尔却否定了尼采的结论,他并不认为,失去了视觉的俄狄浦斯就能获得对世界本质,也是海德格尔所谓的”存在全体(Seinen)”的理解,相反,他只是通过牺牲作为表象出来的一部分存在,而看到了作为”隐晦之物”的另一部分存在而已。而存在全体仍然处于”表象”和”存在本身”的争执之中,并不能完全呈现于俄狄浦斯的面前。  因此,在海德格尔看来,俄狄浦斯并没有通过丧失视力,获得超越表象世界的认识能力。《俄狄浦斯王》塑造了一个仅凭”热情”(Leidenschaft)就想认识”无热情而无根基的真理(WahreitohneBoden und ohneLeidenschaft)”的悲剧英雄。这意味着,海德格尔在抽空了亚里士多德”突转-发现”论的目的论色彩,将人被作为”情节”的神话所引导的合规范、合目的的行动,转化为了非理性的热情行动,但是,这种行动并不能达到尼采如”戏”一般的自由律动,而是让俄狄浦斯遭受了惩罚。因此,海德格尔的结论却与亚里士多德出奇的相似,甚至更为悲观:在他看来,俄狄浦斯不仅不能达到对世界本质的认识,而且因为这种把握世界的莽撞行为,得以毁灭,连自我认识也不再可能。  因此,我们发现,在福柯对《俄狄浦斯王》进行解释之前,已经有尼采和海德格尔两位先驱开辟了一条不同于对《俄狄浦斯王》进行精神分析化解读的思考路径,而福柯则继续了尼采和海德格尔对亚里士多德悲剧理论的反思,并将自己的哲学思想形象化地呈现于《俄狄浦斯王》的戏剧性张力之中。  按照福柯伴侣德费尔(Daniel Defert)的表述,福柯在一般情况下,不会公开点名表示与前辈学者的不同观点,而是通过写作,将这种不同观点以某种”形象化”的形式呈现出来。在《论求知意志》这部法兰西学院讲演录中,福柯对海德格尔思想的异议,就是以这种方式呈现了出来,并在两者对《俄狄浦斯王》的解读中,得到了显现。[13]在海德格尔看来,《俄狄浦斯王》体现了古希腊主要哲学家认识论思想的悲剧,后者将视觉看作认识世界最为核心的感觉,并以此为基础,来把握世界的本质。但是,俄狄浦斯的努力表明,对世界本质彻底认识的渴望,最终会导致俄狄浦斯人的毁灭。海德格尔借此认为,以认识论为基础的现代形而上学体系,恰恰依赖其古希腊源头所铸就的恶果,将现代人引入了虚无和癫狂的恶果之中。  福柯却对海德格尔的观点进行了反驳。通过对亚里士多德《形而上学》第一卷的解读,福柯提出了一个非常重要的问题:在古希腊社会,是不是只存在着一种获取知识的途径?在福柯看来,答案是否定的。他认为,在《形而上学》之中,亚里士多德确实提出了一种以视觉为中心的求知途径。要通过这样一种途径获取知识,必须满足如下条件:1.求知欲(le désir de connaître);2.对研究对象的仔细观察;3.对象的各个要素在观察者的视野中,产生和谐的统一,并给观察者带来愉悦;4.这些观察得出的结果,通过三段论推理的形式,最终会指向真理。[14]这样一种求知途径所获得的知识,就是哲学知识。但是,福柯认为,这种哲学式的求知过程,实际上忽略了另一种知识,这样一种知识是古希腊社会先于哲学思想所产生的知识:这就是关于正义的知识。  福柯认为,在古希腊哲学思想诞生之前,古希腊社会获得知识,进而用知识去求真理的过程,被统治者和诗人所垄断。而在上述两类人的心目中,真理和社会秩序的最明显表征:正义这一概念,有着密切关系。古希腊社会出现了两种正义形式,前者被命名为κρινεῖν,是英语”批评、批判(Critic)”的古希腊词源,后者则被命名为Δίκη,是英语”正义(justice)”的在古希腊语中的对应词。福柯发现,在《荷马史诗》中,以”κρινεῖν”为名的正义,成为占据统治地位的正义观念,而到了赫西俄德的《神曲》中,以”Δίκη”为名的正义则逐步成为占据统治地位的正义观念。[15]那么,上述两种正义观究竟有何不同呢?福柯认为,名为”κρινεῖν”的正义实际上是一种裁决性的正义,它特指在法庭诉讼中,两方通过证明自身并未违法的辩护过程,最终发现有罪者并进行处罚的行为。值得指出的地方在于,古希腊人的法庭诉讼过程,并不像现代法庭一样,委托第三方获取可以被详尽审查的证据,从而给犯人定罪。相反,双方首先通过发誓宣称自身的清白,然后通过庭辩和法官的考验来验证控辩双方是否遵守誓言,最终,被证明没能遵守誓约的一方,将会按照誓约的报应施以刑罚。在这样的场合,法官对正义和罪的知识,不仅无法通过单纯地细致观察来获得,相反,要了解犯罪者的罪恶,就必须按照控辩双方所发的誓言,施以刑罚,或挑动双方攻击对方的弱点,从而揭示罪恶的所在。这样一种正义所需要的并非对事物之间和谐关系的洞察,以及这种洞察所带来的愉悦,相反,它更需要对事物表面背后残忍真相的洞察,并以一种敢于面对这种残忍的意志力,却直面,乃至发现万事的真相。  在《神谱》之后占据统治地位,名为”Δίκη”的正义,则要成为城邦中和谐秩序的表征形式。相对于名为”κρινεῖν”的正义,实施名为”Δίκη”的正义的人,不再是判断控辩双方谁有罪的法官,而是城邦的统治者和管理者。为了更好地管理城邦,城邦的统治者必须建立和谐而无冲突的管理秩序。在管理过程中,城邦统治者必须借助一系列的宗教仪式,将城邦中不和谐的部分去除,从而”净化”城邦的政治秩序,而统治者本人,不仅是净化仪式的实施者,而且是纯粹和谐的城邦秩序的肉身化形态:他必须和谐、庄严且对不纯洁和邪恶明察秋毫。[16]在《论求知意志》这部讲演录中,这种正义所要求对世界的认知方式,实际上是哲学家把握世界本质的认识论原则在社会政治领域的先驱。换句话说,古典城邦统治者用来管理城邦秩序的社会-政治话语,逐步转移到哲学领域,成为了古希腊哲学的认识论话语。  福柯对古希腊社会正义观的讨论,暗含着对海德格尔的反驳。海德格尔相信:《俄狄浦斯王》的主旨体现了古希腊思想家基于”存在”与”表象”的对立这一认识论框架所展开的求知活动,对古希腊城邦政治毁灭性的打击,俄狄浦斯对认识”存在本身”的过度”热情”最终导致忒拜(Thebes)城邦秩序的崩溃。福柯认为,《俄狄浦斯王》的问题并非一个单纯哲学认识论的问题,而是哲学认识论所依赖的政治基础——为维护城邦政治秩序的正义观(即Δίκη),和基于律法判决和斗争的正义观(即κρινεῖν)之间的冲突,在整个戏剧情节中的呈现。因此,福柯倒转了海德格尔《俄狄浦斯王》中认识论真理对政治真理的优先性,而是将政治真理的显现,看作解读《俄狄浦斯王》的钥匙。  在《俄狄浦斯的知识》和《论求知意志》对《俄狄浦斯王》的解释中,福柯都重点强调了悲剧标题中一个希腊语词的分析,这个词就是”Tyrannos”,是因为Tyrant的古希腊语拼法。这个词在古希腊语中往往不是指一般的国王,即Basilieus,而是指通过不符合法律或者风俗道德的手段,夺取城邦控制权的人,即”僭主”。[17]僭主并非中国传统社会所谓的”暴君”,相反,僭主俄狄浦斯是个很能干的人,在忒拜城第一次遭到瘟疫污染的时候,他靠猜谜战胜了斯芬克斯,让整个城邦获得了净化。从表面上看来,俄狄浦斯不像僭主,他有着引导城邦政治秩序的正当权力。可是,为什么他最终成为了僭主,导致了城邦政治秩序崩溃,甚至引发了儿子的纷争(《七将攻忒败》)、女儿的横死(《安提戈涅》)和自身的流亡(〈俄狄浦斯在克洛诺斯〉)呢?  福柯首先从戏剧的形式入手,来分析这个问题。在《论求知意志》和《俄狄浦斯的知识》这两部戏剧中,福柯特别提到了这出悲剧蕴含着”sumbolon”这样一种形式,sumbolon,后来转写为英文,成为英语词”象征(symol)”,但在古希腊语中,这个词的原意是”被一分为二的事物的两部分重新合成为一个整体的过程”。福柯认为,在《俄狄浦斯王》中,俄狄浦斯具有的特殊能力使得整个剧作中本来已经断裂的碎片,得以合拢,才让整个戏剧得以成为一个整体。例如,在戏剧中,阿波罗对城邦出现污染的警告和特瑞西阿斯对俄狄浦斯杀父凶手的预言,拉伊俄斯的死去和俄狄浦斯登上王位,信使对俄狄浦斯父母去世的唁报和牧羊人对俄狄浦斯悲惨身世的回忆,本来已经成为风马牛不相及的两部分内容,居然在俄狄浦斯的质询和寻找过程中,合成为一个完整的情节。因此,俄狄浦斯的能力,是一种充满矛盾、对立和破碎的事实,转化为一种完整情节的能力。  那么,这种将破碎的情节完整的能力,究竟具有怎样的特点呢?首先,福柯指出,这样一种能力既非依赖视觉的能力,也不是一种单纯依赖听觉的能力:前一种能力体现为把握证据和亲身观察证据的能力,牧羊人和信使所陈述的事实,就是这种能力的体现;后一种能力是倾听神谕,并按照神谕行事的能力,阿波罗的神谕和特瑞西阿斯的预言,就是这种能力。俄狄浦斯的能力并不能单纯依赖听觉,因为他不能听懂阿波罗神谕的指向,也不能相信特瑞西阿斯预言的准确性;可是,他也不是依靠视觉的亲身证据来施展自己的能力,因为他对自己身世的发现,全是依赖奴隶和牧羊人的追忆,而只是通过自己的论述和追问,将这些追忆联系为一个整体。[18 因此,按照福柯的看法,俄狄浦斯的能力是通过语言,将人生活境遇中过去、现在和未来勾连在一起的能力。这种能力在俄狄浦斯破解斯芬克斯谜题的时候,就已经呈现出来。俄狄浦斯并非通过看透斯芬克斯谜题表面背后的真相,来发现谜底的;而是通过”过去”、”现在”和”未来”这三个维度在话语中连缀出来,从而将”人”这种动物在时间中的存在方式,呈现为一种可以被眼睛所直观的形象之后,才揭示了谜语的含义。[19]而在第二次找出城邦瘟疫原因的过程中,俄狄浦斯如法炮制,继续通过质询和追问,试图将忒败城邦和自己在过去、现在和未来三个时间点的行动,统一于一个完整的情节之中。  可以说,正是这种能力让俄狄浦斯遭遇了灾祸,原因在于,这种能力太过强大,已经危及到了维持城邦秩序的两股力量:神对城邦的统治和民众的意见。福柯发现,俄狄浦斯在追求导致瘟疫的真相时,既不听从代表民众(πλῆθος)的歌队的声音,也不相信特瑞西阿斯的预言;而是凭借自己的认知方式(γνώμη)来把握事物的本质。而在《俄狄浦斯王》中,这种”认知方式”,被称为”凌驾于诸技术之上的技术(τέχνη τέχνηs)”。[20]显然,这是一种通过”追求真理”这一手段,来维护俄狄浦斯僭主地位的技术,与这种技术不同,先知和歌队维持政治秩序的手段,并不是这种凌驾于技术之上的技术,而是”法”(νόμος)。  在古希腊语中,”法(νόμος)”和”正义(δίκη)”有着十分密切的关系。福柯在对名为”δίκη”的正义进行分析的过程中,强调了代表这种正义的”法”,往往以纯粹陈述的形态(Enoncé),以纯声音的形式表达出来。[21]但是,俄狄浦斯却试图为这样一个”法”的声音形式,找到某种具有视觉形式的证明(Temoinage)。这就让俄狄浦斯追逐真相的行为,导致了一个非常重要的悖论:他必须凭借听觉可以把握的语言陈述,去看到事情的真相本身,即视觉可见的证明。这种试图透过语言的遮蔽,强行观看真相的能力和意志,就是福柯所谓的”求知意志”(le Volonté du Savoir)。  正如上文中福柯对亚里士多德的反驳中所暗示的那样,”求知意志”不同于亚里士多德的”求知欲”,后者引导人们寻找一个确定、明晰而和谐的秩序,这个秩序塑造了世界的表象,并与神明自上而下统治城邦所依赖的政治秩序,即”法(νόμος)”,有着密切的亲缘关系。”求知意志”却对统治表象的秩序本身没有兴趣,它引导人们关心人自身和人类共同体的起源,并由此把人们对自我和城邦过去记忆的陈述与城邦的现实处境相联系,从而在揭示城邦在起源意义上的本质时,让表面上稳定和谐的政治秩序得以崩溃,进而影响到政治共同体未来的命运。  因此,在福柯心目中,俄狄浦斯凭借求知意志所获得的知识,不仅与名为”正义(δίκη)”的城邦政治秩序相对立,而且与依赖这种政治秩序而进行求知活动的哲学认识论,产生了方法论上的对立:后一种知识凭借自上而下,自表面走向深度的空间形式得以呈现,并与目光对事物形态的把握有着密切关联;而前一种知识依赖于语言对横向的时间流动的回溯性把握,从而将断裂的时间片段,整合为对城邦政治的过去、现在和未来的完整理解。  福柯由此指出,俄狄浦斯之所以遭受惩罚,并非因为其发现了自我认识的限度,也非其认识的热情所遭致的后果。相反,俄狄浦斯的悲剧是作为僭主的俄狄浦斯王凭借另一种获取知识的手段,来挑战名为”正义(δίκη)”的城邦之”法(νόμος)”的失败。但是,这种失败却承认了俄狄浦斯的求知意志的积极性和真理性,这是因为,俄狄浦斯求知的过程恰恰呈现了另一种正义,即名为”κρινεῖν”的正义的力量,后者依赖于斗争、惩罚和暴力来获得政治权力,并与此同时拥有了与权力依存的知识和真理。  我们进而可以认为,在20世纪70年代早期,福柯对《俄狄浦斯王》的解读开启了他对知识-权力关系的全新理解。一方面,福柯继承了尼采的看法,将《俄狄浦斯王》看作一部呈现真理的戏剧,并高度肯定了俄狄浦斯”穿透事物表象”的认识能力;另一方面,在批判海德格尔将俄狄浦斯的求知过程理解为形而上学意义上的”求知热情”的同时,福柯却否定了尼采的观点,即俄狄浦斯的”认识能力”,是一种把握世界本质的能力,而将之转化为一种挑战外在规范,把握对自身绝对主宰权的权力意志。尼采笔下的”日神精神”,被福柯看作遮蔽城邦历史起源的现实政治秩序,而俄狄浦斯的求知能力并不能看穿这一政治秩序本身的残忍和暴力,而是绕到这一政治秩序的外部,将其起源中所蕴含的罪恶、污染和不洁呈现出来。而在这个时刻,政治权力和具有夺权意志的僭主俄狄浦斯的斗争,才成为俄狄浦斯悲剧的真正根源。  正是在这样的情形下,在早期福柯的理解中,《俄狄浦斯王》成为了真理和权力的扭结在剧场中的显现,反秩序的真理和挑衅性的权力由此同时呈现出来。  整整十年以后,福柯的法兰西学院课程中,《俄狄浦斯王》又一次回归了。尽管在1975年,福柯在《真理与法律》中短暂地提及了这部戏剧,但其核心主旨仍然是肯定《俄狄浦斯王》在表征法律规范、暴力和真理之间关系所具备的积极作用。但是,在1980年的讲演录《对活人的治理》(Du Government desViviants)的开头,福柯仍然花了3次课程仔细地解析了《俄狄浦斯王》这部剧作。在这次解读中,福柯使用了许多与《俄狄浦斯的知识》相似的观点和思路,例如对”象征(Sumbolon)”的重视,对俄狄浦斯求知手段的分析,等等。但是,福柯的解读出现了一个巨大的转折,原因在于,他引入了”演真(aléthurgie)”这一概念[22]。这一概念由海德格尔常用的希腊语词 真理ἀλήθεια的前半部分,和法语词”魅惑、欺骗”结合在一起所构成的概念。[23]换句话说,福柯认为,《俄狄浦斯王》不再是描述俄狄浦斯通过知识来获得真理的过程,而是一种构造真理假象,以魅惑民众的过程。这就意味着,福柯不再单纯把《俄狄浦斯王》看作主人公利用求知意志追求对抗既定政治秩序的挑衅性真理的过程,而是将整个戏剧看作制造真理效果,借以管制城邦的手段。  因此,在解读《俄狄浦斯王》之前,福柯分析了古罗马皇帝塞维鲁宫殿正厅的图像。这幅图像把北非雇佣军出身的塞维鲁描述为从天而降的神灵之子,显然是为了证明其管理罗马臣民的正当性。[24]福柯认为,这种利用图像宣示自身统治正当性,或者更确切的说,宣示自身统治具有真理性的手段,实际上来源于对皇帝自身”俄狄浦斯式”起源的恐惧。而在《俄狄浦斯王》中,这种恐惧体现了太阳神和先知特瑞西阿斯对俄狄浦斯的敌视,后者代表神明显示了城邦政治秩序背后的真理;而俄狄浦斯则展示了另一种真理:因为我曾经用自己的智慧将城邦拯救出瘟疫,所以我拥有权力,当你说出真理的时候,你就反对我。在俄狄浦斯那里,权力、真理和拯救之间的三角关系使得他敢于自命为神,对抗神所展示的真理;而特瑞西阿斯和太阳神阿波罗则试图挑战俄狄浦斯的傲慢。  俄狄浦斯被自刺双眼,进而被放逐出忒拜城最终消解了上述冲突。但是,与1970年代初福柯的《俄狄浦斯王》解读完全不同,福柯却认为俄狄浦斯所获得的知识,并非名为”κρινεῖν”的正义所主宰的知识,而且,这种知识并未导致俄狄浦斯被惩罚,从而获得关于罪恶和惩罚的真理。相反,福柯指出,俄狄浦斯并非被惩罚,而是在惩罚的表象之下,不仅拯救了自己,而且拯救了忒拜民众,从而帮助城邦净化了自身的秩序。[25]通过对戏剧的阅读,福柯指出,在《俄狄浦斯王》和《俄狄浦斯在克洛诺斯》两部戏剧中,俄狄浦斯自刺双眼后,并没有离开忒拜,也没有被杀死,而是很久之后才去到生命的终点——雅典。而且,他失明的原因并非是自我责罚,而是他不想看到自己罪行的后果。福柯进而指出,俄狄浦斯所犯罪恶的代价,并非他对自己残忍行为的观看,而是城邦秩序和支撑这一秩序的政治真理的恢复。   由此看来,福柯晚年对《俄狄浦斯王》的解读,取消了俄狄浦斯的”求知意志”所具备的批判性正义维度。相反,福柯将俄狄浦斯自刺双眼的行为,看作僭主不忍面对自己所犯下罪行的”怯懦”行为。正是这样一种对洞察罪恶真理的拒绝,反而让僭主俄狄浦斯和既定的权力秩序得到了和解,他表面上质询真理本质的权力意志,不过证明了太阳神阿波罗的神力和城邦秩序的的伟大。在《俄狄浦斯王》这出戏中,主人公通过自我牺牲,将批判性的真理展示于观看者面前戏剧仪式行为,最终让批判性的求知意志,转化为了用来治理民众的真理展示。《俄狄浦斯王》由此最终转化为一个治理的剧场。  尾声:走向”直言(parrhesia)”之路的福柯  福柯对《俄狄浦斯王》态度的大转变,某种程度上是他思想历程的某种曲折写照。从1970年开始,福柯利用自己的权力-知识学说,对现代西方形而上学的认识论暴政进行攻击,进而塑造一种从实践-斗争角度出发的批判性真理学说。《俄狄浦斯王》便是这一立场的剧场化展示。可是,权力谱系学最终导致了”权力塑造真理”这一让知识分子在实践中进退维谷的尴尬境地:不断造反意味着不断获得更为强大的权力,从而被新生的政治秩序所吸纳。而福柯70年代晚期对伊朗伊斯兰革命的深度介入,最终导致了权力意志与批判性知识的结合变得荒谬而无奈:对后发国家利用西方理性主义现代化暴政的反对,最终造就了更为反现代的伊斯兰暴政。[26]1980年的讲课正是福柯与不久前的伊朗伊斯兰革命告别之时,他仿佛一位现代俄狄浦斯,为反对暴君所献上的智慧,成为支持暴政的祭品。这最终促使他重新思考知识、真理和政治实践的复杂关系。  在《对活人的治理》中,福柯对《俄狄浦斯王》的细致解读,并非一个古典学讨论,而是试图以剧场结构重新开启福柯的思想批判和社会批判之路的戏剧-思想实践。正是在这种隐含当代意识的研讨中,福柯不断试图通过重构古希腊思想发展的谱系,来反思西方文明在当代社会的全新出路。在1984年的英文讲演录《无畏的言说》(Fearless Speech)中,福柯似乎发现了古希腊戏剧中逃避《俄狄浦斯王》悲剧结局的道路。在欧里庇得斯的戏剧《伊翁》(Ion)中,父亲许可苏斯(Xuthus)和儿子伊翁(Ion)在神庙中狭路相逢,但是,与拉伊俄斯(Laios)和俄狄浦斯之间的产生宿命的争执不同,面对地位高过自己,并被自己误解为想与自己发生同性爱关系的父亲许可苏斯,伊安选择了一种谈话,而不是战斗,这种谈话,被福柯成为”直言”。直言是福柯晚期学说中的重要概念,它特指古希腊时代人们放弃地位等差,公开说出互相真实看法,并不借助神权、王权和民权等一系列外在权威的对话方式。在互相直言不讳之后,这对父子(并非血缘父子,因为伊安是阿波罗的私生子)躲开了相爱相杀的命运,在阿波罗的调停下,破镜重圆。[27] 这是福柯经历数年探索后,在真理和权力已经密切纠缠的西方政治治理谱系中,打下的一个破坏的楔子,它迫使思想者们提出这样的问题:一种矫正权力运作的批判行为是否可能,而这种批判能否在不被权力所吸纳的同时,展示出权力所编织出的真理效果的虚幻和盲目,却不用另一种幻觉去替代它?  也许,我们对戏剧中对话、冲突和张力的演绎,以及用戏剧化的方式重构我们的思想和生活的冲动,是回答这个问题的关键。  本文原刊《文艺研究》2017年第10期。原标题为”从真理的剧场到治理的剧场:论福柯对《俄狄浦斯王》的解读”。感谢作者授权”古典学研究”公号推送。  姚云帆,男,江苏常州人,北京外国语大学外国文学研究所博士毕业,上海师范大学比较文学与世界文学研究中心副教授,主要研究西方文学理论(本雅明、福柯和阿甘本研究)和当代西方政治思想史。   [1]参阅Michel Foucault, Leçons sur la Volonté de Savoir:Cours au Collège de France suivi de Le savoir d’Oedipe, Paris: Seuil, 2011.  [2]Frederich Nietzsche, Jenseit von Gut und Bose, Berlin: De Gruyter, p.15  [3] Michel Foucault,DitsetEcrits, Paris: Gallimard, pp.553-570.  [4]【古希腊】亚里士多德著,《诗学》,陈中梅译,北京:商务印书馆出版社,1996年出版,第63-64页;注意译者注中,陈中梅对”情节”与”神话”的关联,以及对”行动”伦理本质的解释,同上书,第198-200页;第67页。  [5]Frederich Nietzsche, SämtlicheWerkeKritischeStudienausgabe I, Berlin: De Gruyter, 1988, pp.31-34  [6]参阅黑格尔在《美学》中,对悲剧”庄严(Eher)”范畴与行动的伦理含义的讨论:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ,Vorlesungenüber die Ästhetik II ,Frankfurt am Mainz: SuhrkampVerlag, 1990, pp.174;181.  [7]对”戏(Spiel)”这个词自康德发端,经席勒和歌德在德国戏剧思想史中的重要影响,尚未得到国内学术界的全面梳理,在这条线索中,值得注意的人物有尼采和本雅明,尼采继承了歌德的看法,用Trauerspiel特指文艺复兴之后的现代悲剧,将之与古代悲剧相对立Tragödie,深刻启发了本雅明《德国悲悼剧的起源》的写作,而在《悲剧的诞生》中,尼采经常将”观众(Zuschauer)”与”戏台(Schauerspiel)”对举,两词都与德语”看(Schauen)”密切相关,从而将古希腊悲剧进行了一种现代悲悼剧式的解释,凸显了视觉经验与游戏活动之间的密切关系,从而消解了亚里士多德悲剧理论行动优先于视觉认识的思考方式。  [8]Frederich Nietzsche, SämtlicheWerke:KritischeStudienausgabeI, Berlin: De Gruyter, 1988, pp.26-27.  [9]Frederich Nietzsche, SämtlicheWerke:KritischeStudienausgabeI, Berlin: De Gruyter, 1988, p.29.  [10]Frederich Nietzsche, SämtlicheWerke:KritischeStudienausgabeI, Berlin: De Gruyter, 1988,  [11] 12Martin Heidegger,EinführungIn Die Metaphysik,Frankfurt am Main:Vittorio Klostermann, p.81.  [12]Martin Heidegger,Einführung In Die Metaphysik,Frankfurt am Main:Vittorio Klostermann, p.115  [13]参阅【法】丹尼尔·德费尔,汪民安,”友爱、哲学与政治:关于福柯的访谈”,《读书》,2008年第一期。  [14] Michel Foucault, Leçons sur la Volonté de Savoir:Cours au Collège de France suivi de Le savoir d’Oedipe, Paris: Seuil, 2011, pp.9-11.  [15] Michel Foucault, Leçons sur la Volonté de Savoir:Cours au Collège de France suivi de Le savoir d’Oedipe, Paris: Seuil, 2011, pp.89-93; 103.  [16] Michel Foucault, Leçons sur la Volonté de Savoir: Cours au Collège de France suivi de Le savoir d’Oedipe, Paris: Seuil, 2011, pp.161-163.  [17]Michel Foucault, Leçons sur la Volonté de Savoir: Cours au Collège de France suivi de Le savoir d’Oedipe, Paris: Seuil, 2011,  [18] Michel Foucault, Leçons sur la Volonté de Savoir: Cours au Collège de France suivi de Le savoir d’Oedipe, Paris: Seuil, 2011,  [19] Michel Foucault, Leçonssur la Volonté de Savoir: Cours au Collège de France suivi de Le savoir d’Oedipe, Paris: Seuil, 2011,  [20] Michel Foucault, Leçonssur la Volonté de Savoir: Cours au Collège de France suivi de Le savoir d’Oedipe, Paris: Seuil, 2011,  [21] Michel Foucault, Leçonssur la Volonté de Savoir: Cours au Collège de France suivi de Le savoir d’Oedipe, Paris: Seuil, 2011,  [22]对”thurgie”概念思想史含义的阐释,参阅【法】皮埃尔·阿多,《古代哲学研究》,上海:华东师范大学出版社,第46页。  [23] Michel Foucault, Du Governement des Vivants, Paris: Seuil, 2012, pp.27-29.  [24] Michel Foucault, Du Governement des Vivants, Paris: Seuil, 2012, pp.72-73.  [25] Michel Foucault, Du Governement des Vivants, Paris: Seuil, 2012, pp.1-6.  [26]参阅姚云帆,”基于意志的治理:伊朗革命与福柯中晚期思想的转折”,载于汪民安主编,《福柯在中国》,河南:河南大学出版社,2016年出版。  [27]Michel Foucault, Fearless Speech, translated by Joseph Pearson,Semiotext(e) (Foreign Agents),pp.36-56. 

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